Physiology

Extra Time and Penalties: The Physiology of the Most Stressful 30 Minutes in Sport

Explains the physiology of extra time and penalty shootouts, from glycogen depletion after 90 minutes to the trainable skill behind shootouts.

28 Jul 2026
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Physiology

Muscle Cramps in Football: What Causes Them and How to Prevent Them

It is one of the most recognisable moments in football: a player drops to the turf in the 85th minute, face contorted,…

16 May 2026
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